Bound by the Numbers: How Mandatory Minimum Sentences Became America's Instrument of Racial Control
When Congress stripped federal judges of the power to exercise mercy, it did not create a more uniform justice system — it created a more brutal one. Mandatory minimum sentencing laws have functioned, in practice, as a mechanism for incarcerating Black Americans at rates that can only be described as a structural crisis. The courtroom, once a space where individual circumstances could at least theoretically matter, has been transformed into a processing facility.